Inspiration
This study will pioneer the development of a bioreactor that integrates detection and degradation. After specifically identifying different types of microplastics in the environment using colorimetric biosensors, a multi-enzyme system constructed on the principle of bacterial surface display will upgrade and transform environmental pollutants, microplastics, into high-value products, efficiently achieving the detection/degradation of plastics and the upcycling of hydrolysis products. Microplastics are smaller plastic particles (d<5mm) that result from the physical and chemical breakdown of plastic products in the environment. These ubiquitous microplastics can be found in various environmental media, such as seawater, soil, air, and drinking water. Humans ingest microplastics through consumption, inhalation, and dermal contact, and the ingested microplastics distribute across various tissues and organs within the body, triggering potential toxic mechanisms. Monitoring the levels of microplastics in the environment is not only of significant value for environmental protection but also crucial for the maintenance of public health.
Plastic pollution has become an epidemic. With today's resolution, we have officially embarked on the path to cure it"said Espen Barth Eide, President of the 5th United Nations Environment Assembly and Minister of Climate and Environment of Norway. In March 2022, the United Nations Environment Assembly passed a historic resolution aimed at ending plastic pollution by 2024 and developing a legally binding international agreement. The resolution covers the entire life cycle of plastics, including their production, design, and disposal. Plastic pollution is a cross-border problem that requires the joint efforts of the international community. The United Nations and other international organizations have listed plastic pollution as an important environmental issue, promoting countries to formulate and implement corresponding policies.
In January 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission of China and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment jointly issued the "Opinions on Further Strengthening the Control of Plastic Pollution", proposing measures such as banning and restricting the production, sales, and use of some plastic products, promoting alternative products, and regulating the recycling of plastic waste. At the end of 2020, Chengdu implemented the "Strongest Plastic Limit Order", banning the use of non-degradable plastic bags and disposable plastic straws to reduce plastic pollution.
We have noticed that plastic pollution has become a global issue. Although microplastics are small, their harm is far-reaching and can accumulate through the food chain, ultimately affecting human health. In daily life, people come into contact with microplastics through various means, but the most widespread way of contact is through drinking water. Therefore, we will focus on the treatment and prevention of microplastics in various water use scenarios in life.
Background and current situation
1. Background checks
Plastic pollution is a long-standing global crisis. Preventing and controlling microplastic pollution involves the entire life cycle of plastics, including their production, design, use, and disposal. Therefore, when designing our overall approach, we must start from a comprehensive perspective, from identifying problems, analyzing problems, solving problems, and continuously improving in order to achieve our ultimate goal.
During the problem discovery phase, we focus on the production, design, application, and disposal stages of current microplastics, targeting the public, businesses, and governments as our subjects for research and analysis. This allows us to examine the issues faced at different stages.
1.1 Questionnaire distribution
We conducted field research and distributed questionnaires through a combination of offline and online methods, collecting a total of 346 valid questionnaires. We found that the general public currently lacks sufficient understanding of the concept and potential hazards of microplastics, resulting in the absence of effective measures to reduce their use in daily life. Additionally, with the growing popularity of food delivery services, the public has become overly reliant on single-use plastic products, such as plastic bags and utensils, further exacerbating the production of microplastics.
2. Social interviews
2.1 Interview the public
Objective: Through interviews, understand the specific measures, achievements, and challenges faced in microplastic pollution control across different regions, providing practical evidence for further research. Additionally, assess the public's awareness of microplastic pollution, identify key factors influencing public perception, and offer guidance for science communication efforts. Evaluate the public's participation in microplastic pollution control, analyze existing barriers and incentives, and provide strategic recommendations to enhance public engagement.
At the same time, we conducted interviews in multiple urban areas of Chengdu to understand the public's understanding of microplastics. During the interview with a store owner, she mentioned: "Many food problems were exposed during the 3.15 evening party. After that, I often came across some short videos about food safety, so I also learned about some of the hazards of plastic products. However, I didn't expect that drinking water in daily life would also contain microplastics."
Overall, the public currently has a general awareness of plastic pollution and shows considerable concern for food safety. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding microplastic pollution and its associated hazards. Information sources are limited, and the level of awareness and participation in environmental protection activities is relatively low.
2.2 Gao Zhenyu
Secretary of the Communist Youth League Fushan County Committee of Linfen City, Shanxi Province
We have actively explored various regions for research visits. In Linfen City, Shanxi Province, we had the honor of interviewing Mr. Gao Zhenyu, Secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee at the Fushan County Youth League Office. As one of the local leaders in youth affairs, Mr. Gao is not only focused on the growth and development of young people, but also holds deep insights into environmental protection, particularly regarding the issue of microplastic pollution. Below are some of Mr. Gao's views and suggestions on the microplastic issue:
"Microplastic pollution has already become one of the global environmental challenges, not only affecting marine ecosystems but also potentially endangering human health through the food chain," stated Secretary Gao Zhenyu. "Microplastics have become almost ubiquitous, from the deep seas to the highest mountains, from the air we breathe to our water sources. Unfortunately, most of the public has yet to fully recognize this issue. Many people are unaware of the specific sources, transmission routes, and potential threats of microplastics."
He further pointed out: "Although the scientific community has realized the severity of the microplastic problem, there is still no consensus on its long-term impacts, especially concerning potential risks to human health. This undoubtedly complicates public education and policy formulation. Therefore, I believe that strengthening science communication is essential. We need to leverage various platforms, such as social media and school education, to raise public awareness about the microplastic issue and guide people to take concrete actions to reduce the use of single-use plastics."
2.3 Zhang Shuanqiong
A community worker in Palm Camp North District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, is mainly responsible for garbage cleaning and water quality testing around the river and Dianchi Lake.
Interview minutes:
Q1: What are your main job responsibilities in the Palm Camp North community?
A1:Hello, I am mainly responsible for garbage cleaning around the river and Dianchi Lake in the North District community of Palm Tree Camp. This includes regular water quality testing to ensure water safety. Our community is adjacent to Dianchi Lake, so maintaining good environmental hygiene around it is very important for us.
Q2: Is microplastic pollution a common problem in your work? What specific impact does it have on the community environment?
A2: Plastic pollution is a common issue we encounter in our daily work, but I am not very familiar with microplastic pollution specifically. Since we are responsible for cleaning up garbage around the river and Dianchi Lake, we often see a lot of plastic pollution. This is especially noticeable during the rainy season, when rainwater washes trash from the riverbanks into the river, including a large amount of plastic bags and bottles.
Q3: What do you think is the understanding and awareness of microplastic pollution among community residents? What environmental protection behaviors do they have in their daily lives?
A3: Community residents do not have sufficient understanding and awareness of microplastic pollution. Although we have been promoting through various channels, some residents still have insufficient awareness of the harm of plastics. In daily life, some residents have begun to pay attention to garbage classification and reduce the use of plastic bags, but there is still a lot of room for improvement overall. We need more publicity and educational activities to raise residents' environmental awareness.
2.4 Yin Jin
Kunming Xishan District People's Government Palm Tree Camp Sub-district Office, Environmental Engineering Professional Engineer.
Interview minutes:
Q1: What are your main job responsibilities at the Palm Camp Sub-district Office of the People's Government of Xishan District, Kunming?
A1:Mainly responsible for Dianchi Lake protection, river management, water quality monitoring, environmental sanitation and other related work.
Q2: Q2: Can you briefly introduce the main achievements in microplastic pollution control in your region?
A2: In recent years, we have achieved certain results through a series of governance measures, such as regularly cleaning up garbage around Dianchi Lake, strengthening monitoring and management of river channels. The concentration of microplastics has decreased, but there is still a high risk of pollution.
Q3: What do you think is the current level of public awareness of microplastic pollution?
A3: At present, the public's awareness of microplastic pollution is still relatively low. Most people know about the problem of plastic pollution, but they don't know much about the specific hazards of microplastics. This is mainly because the dissemination channels of relevant information are limited, and the popularization of scientific knowledge is insufficient.
Q4: What efforts have you made to raise public awareness of microplastic pollution?
A4: We have carried out various forms of publicity activities in communities, schools, and public places, including distributing brochures, holding lectures, and producing Promotion Videos. In addition, we have also used social media platforms to publish knowledge and governance trends related to plastic pollution. These publicity activities have achieved certain results, and the public's understanding of microplastic pollution has increased. However, overall, the effect is not ideal, and we need to further increase publicity efforts to improve the coverage and influence of publicity. However, there is almost no popular science publicity on microplastics, which may also be the direction we continue to strive for in the future.
3.Investigation
3.1 Management of agricultural domestic sewage facilities in Xishan District
In order to further understand the current situation and technical means of water treatment, we interviewed government officials and visited the site under the guidance of Li Yun, deputy director of the Xishan District Water Conservancy and Hydropower Comprehensive Service Center. Under the guidance of the staff, we visited the construction of the reservoir and water conservancy project in Xiaocun Tangzi, Kunming City.
At the same time, the deputy director introduced us to the management of agricultural domestic sewage facilities in Xishan District.
After careful introduction by the staff, we learned that Xishan District has built multiple domestic sewage treatment facilities, including septic tanks, sedimentation tanks, biological filters, etc., forming a relatively complete sewage treatment system. The treated sewage meets the national discharge standards, effectively reducing pollution to surrounding water and soil. Xishan District Water Conservancy and Hydropower Comprehensive Service Center has achieved significant results in domestic sewage treatment. Through scientific and reasonable facility construction and effective operation management, it has effectively improved the rural water environment and residents' quality of life. However, it is still necessary to continue to strengthen facility maintenance and financial security to ensure the long-term stable operation of sewage treatment facilities and make greater contributions to ecological environment protection.
3.2 Li Yun
Deputy Director of Xishan District Water Conservancy and Hydropower Comprehensive ervice Center
Dianchi Lake is an important water source in Kunming. Xishan District is facing major tasks such as Dianchi Lake protection and urban sewage treatment. Microplastic pollution will also affect water quality safety to some extent. If microplastic treatment is included in environmental engineering construction, it will help improve the water quality of Dianchi Lake and surrounding water bodies and enhance the overall ecological environment quality. Mr. Li Yun emphasized that our project actively responds to national and local environmental protection policies, has innovative consciousness and social value, and is expected to receive government support. The project team should communicate with relevant departments in advance in order to obtain policy guidance, technological innovation, publicity and promotion support from government departments and enterprises.
Interview minutes:
Q1: What do you think is the most crucial task during your work?
A1:My most important task is to ensure the effective protection and rational use of water resources in Xishan District, especially in promoting the high-quality development of water affairs. We need to continuously innovate management mechanisms and technical means, improve the scientific and refined level of water affairs work, and ensure the safety of people's living water and the sustainable development of the ecological environment.
Q2: What are the main challenges encountered in the governance process?
A2: The main challenges include technical barriers, funding constraints, and insufficient public awareness. Currently, there is a lack of efficient microplastic detection and treatment technology, and the cost of governance is high. In addition, the public's awareness of microplastic pollution is insufficient, resulting in low participation.
Q3: What do you think is the current level of public awareness of microplastic pollution?
A3: Factors affecting public awareness mainly include limited information dissemination channels, insufficient popularization of scientific knowledge, and insufficient media attention. In addition, the concealment and complexity of microplastic pollution also make it difficult for the public to intuitively perceive its harm.
Q4: What do you think is the current level of public awareness of microplastic pollution?
A4: At present, the public's awareness of microplastic pollution is still relatively low. Most people know about the problem of plastic pollution, but they don't know much about the specific harm of microplastics. This is mainly because the dissemination channels of relevant information are limited, and the popularization of scientific knowledge is insufficient. Factors affecting public awareness mainly include limited information dissemination channels, insufficient popularization of scientific knowledge, and insufficient media attention. In addition, the concealment and complexity of microplastic pollution also make it difficult for the public to intuitively feel its harm.
3.3 Yunnan Xishan District Tuanjie Town Sewage Treatment Plant
Our team visited the Tuanjie Town Sewage Treatment Plant in Xishan District, Yunnan Province and talked to the on-site manager of the local sewage treatment plant.
The manager introduced us to the operating principles of the wastewater treatment facilities. We learned that the most commonly used physico-chemical techniques include coagulation, flotation, adsorption, ion exchange, membrane separation, and disinfection technologies. The frequently used treatment equipment includes grates and screens, which typically remove large suspended and floating solids (such as fibers, hair, plastic products, and vegetables). The manager also showed us images of the grates from the training manual for further understanding.
The manager explained that solid substances in water can be categorized into three types based on their form: suspended, colloidal, and dissolved solids. We provided a brief introduction to microplastic-related knowledge, and the staff mentioned they hadn't encountered much information on this topic before. Based on our introduction, the manager analyzed the classification and measurement methods of solid substances in water. He noted, "If the size of microplastics is relatively large (>1.0 μm), they might be considered coarse dispersed suspended solids. These microplastics can be separated from water through filtration methods and may settle in sedimentation tanks as settleable solids. If the size of microplastics is smaller (0.001–1.0 μm), they could be classified as colloidal solids. These microplastics are more difficult to remove with simple filtration methods and usually require more advanced treatment technologies, such as ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, or reverse osmosis."
| sort | Suspended solids | Colloidal solids | Colloidal solids |
|---|---|---|---|
| definition | Suspended Solids (SS) are solids that can be separated from water by filtration. | Dissolved Solids (DS) are solids present in aqueous solutions that cannot be removed by conventional filtration methods. | Dissolved Solids (DS) are those that are able to be completely dissolved in water, where they exist as molecules or ions, and cannot be removed by ordinary filtration methods. |
| classification | It is divided into fine dispersed suspended solids (particle size 0.1-1.0μm) and coarse dispersed suspended solids (particle size >1.0μm). | Including dissolved organic matter and inorganic matter. | It is divided into dissolved organic matter and dissolved inorganic matter. |
Overall, at present, there is no microplastic indicators for the sewage treatment plant in Tuanjie Town, Xishan District, Yunnan Province. The plastics encountered in sewage treatment are mainly large particle plastics (beverage bottles, garbage bags, etc.), which are usually filtered through grilles and other methods. In practice, some enterprises lack strict standards to limit the discharge of microplastics in the production process, so the professionals in the sewage treatment plant also lack professional knowledge in this area.
4. Campus interview
We also conducted research interviews on campus. In order to ensure the representativeness of the research results, we selected diverse respondents from different grades, majors, genders, and other dimensions.
The interview content includes: basic knowledge of microplastics (what are microplastics and where do they come from), people's attitudes towards microplastic pollution, and whether they have participated or are willing to participate in actions to reduce microplastic pollution.
According to our research findings, most students have little understanding of microplastics or are unclear about its definition. Typically, they only come across environmental knowledge and education during volunteer activities. Overall, students tend to be highly receptive, possess a strong sense of dedication, and have good learning abilities. If we can engage this group more actively, they could play a significant role in spreading environmental awareness and knowledge.
5.Education section consultation
5.1 Hu Kai
CEO Researcher at Taihe Think Tank, CEO of Longemo Education
In the education sector, we consulted with Teacher Hu Kai, a researcher at Taihe Think Tank and CEO of Langenmo Education. Teacher Hu Kai has rich educational experience and, based on our project and actual situation, gives us the following suggestions:
Teacher Hu suggested that we promote mutual learning and dialogue: enhance the depth of educational activities, increase "hardcore" knowledge content, and enhance the attractiveness and influence of activities. Emphasize mutual learning and dialogue between "teams" and "students", showcase the specific achievements of students through activities and their impact on the team. Refer to the practices of other award-winning teams, such as collecting feedback by distributing questionnaires, enhancing the effectiveness evaluation of activities, and achieving positive interaction.
At the same time, leveraging the sharing and educational dissemination, resources can be documented for others to reference. Teacher Hu suggested that we create multilingual versions of educational materials to facilitate users from different regions and countries, providing more learning resources.
In the implementation phase, we need to take comprehensive considerations into account, including the age groups of the educational audience. We must ensure that all participants undergo the necessary training and assessments. Additionally, the teaching content should be tailored to different student groups to ensure it is safe, appropriate, and inspiring.
Our analysis and design
1.Analytical model
Based on the previous analysis, we want to build a comprehensive environmental protection action system. We focus on the needs of the public and the entire society. We want to convey the following values: guide the public from perceiving microplastic pollution to thinking about plastic reduction choices in life, find alternative solutions, and ultimately take action to contribute to the cause of environmental protection.
Enterprises should fulfill their social responsibility, actively seek support from relevant government departments, and accelerate the pace of environmental protection projects from the laboratory to the market. The government can shape a good market environment by improving laws and regulations, providing policies and financial support. At the same time, strengthen publicity and education, promote public participation, and establish Incentive Mechanisms and other measures to effectively promote public participation in environmental protection and enterprise action, in order to reduce plastic pollution and promote the development of society towards a greener and more sustainable direction. Based on this, we search for suitable analytical models and learn to use them.
The Cognitive Triangle is a cognitive model that describes three basic and interrelated behaviors in the cognitive process: Feeling, Thinking, and Action. This model is also known as the "Intelligent Triangle" because it has the basic characteristic structure of intelligent behavior.
- - Feeling: This is the starting point of the cognitive process, involving the reception of information from the external world through the senses. At this stage, individuals experience direct perception of the environment, such as seeing, hearing, or feeling things. This is the acquisition and perception of the original data source, and the basis for subsequent thinking and action.
- - Thinking: Based on feelings, thinking is the process of processing and analyzing received information. This includes interpreting, analyzing, memorizing, and evaluating information. The thinking process may generate new concepts or theories, or discover information deficiencies or contradictions, thereby stimulating the need for further exploration or action.
- - Action: The result of thinking usually leads to some form of action. This may be physical action, such as experimentation or exploration, or psychological action, such as decision-making or problem solving. The purpose of action is to verify the result of thinking or obtain new information to further thinking.
These three stages form a cycle, namely the "feeling-thinking-action" cycle. The result of the action will be received by the brain through the feeling, and then enter the thinking process again, forming a continuous cognitive cycle.
Based on this analytical model, we hope that through human practical activities, team members can have a deeper understanding of the social significance of their projects and work, better convey values to society, and have a positive impact on society. Finally, they can examine their projects from a long-term perspective, think about their sustainability and potential social and environmental impacts, and continuously improve and improve.
2. Our analysis
2.1 Feeling - Reduce Plastic, Cut Pollution, Sow Green Awareness
This stage is mainly through various forms of publicity and education activities, such as exhibitions, lectures, media publicity, etc., to stimulate the public's emotional resonance with the problem of plastic pollution. When people understand the serious impact of plastic pollution on the natural environment and human health, they will have a strong desire to protect the environment. This emotional touch is the basis for driving individuals and society to take action.
2.2 Thought - Replace Plastic with Green, Advocate for Eco-friendly Choices
After feeling the harm of plastic pollution, the next step is to guide the public to think rationally and understand the feasibility and necessity of replacing plastic products. By popularizing scientific basis and knowledge competition, we help people realize the importance of choosing environmentally friendly materials. This stage also includes reflection on personal consumption habits, encouraging everyone to make more responsible choices, such as using daily necessities made of degradable materials and supporting green packaging products.
2.3 Action - Transforming Plastic into Renewal, Innovation Driving Circularity
The ultimate goal is to encourage people to transform environmental awareness into concrete actions. This not only includes reducing the use of disposable plastic products in daily life but, more importantly, supporting and participating in waste-to-resource initiatives, such as recycling programs and converting plastic products through daily actions. Furthermore, individuals can get involved in environmental protection efforts through community service, volunteer work, or becoming advocates for environmental awareness campaigns. By turning "plastic into renewal," we can foster a transformation of mindset, collectively pushing for a sustainable and green circular system.
The three themes—"Reduce Plastic, Cut Pollution, Sow Green Awareness," "Replace Plastic with Green, Advocate for Eco-friendly Choices," and "Transform Plastic into Renewal, Innovation Driving Circularity"—correspond to the three stages of the Cognitive Triangle: "Feeling," "Thinking," and "Action." Together, they form a complete process of environmental education and practice. This process not only helps raise public environmental awareness but also promotes societal progress toward a greener and more sustainable future.
Application evaluation
1. Yang Junfeng
Director of Xishan District Water Affairs Bureau, Kunming City.
Director Yang Junfeng emphasized that "Our Xishan District Water Affairs Bureau has done a lot of work in water quality management and protection, such as the continuous improvement of river and lake water quality and the treatment of Dianchi Lake. Microplastic pollution is a new challenge in current water quality management. The presence of microplastics in water bodies not only affects water safety but may also threaten aquatic ecosystems and, in turn, human health. This coincides with the governance concept of our Xishan District Water Affairs Bureau in Kunming. I believe that your project has strong foresight and is also the direction of future water governance. This project helps improve water quality, protect the ecological environment, and has strong social benefits. We look forward to your achievements."
Interview minutes:
Q1: May I ask what breakthroughs and challenges you have encountered in your work at the Water Affairs Bureau?
A1:I think it can be divided into several aspects. In terms of construction mode, we have innovatively introduced social capital to participate in the protection and governance of rivers and lakes, implemented construction modes such as EPC and BOT, and signed framework agreements. This is also a huge breakthrough that we actively seek. We actively strive for national special project bonds, central sponge city construction subsidies, etc., and in 2023, we have obtained more than 452.60 million yuan in funds. In terms of flood prevention and drought relief, we have encountered four major rainfall events this year, and we have quickly and effectively dealt with the problem of flooding in nine regions. Some areas are facing severe drought, and the Water Affairs Bureau has taken multiple measures to solve the drinking water difficulties of more than 16,000 people and 3,000 livestock. In terms of rural drinking water problems, we have completed the 2022 rural drinking water safety guarantee project, solving the drinking water problems of more than 20,000 people. We have implemented the Haikou Industrial and Agricultural Water Quality Purification Plant project to increase the ecological water replenishment of the Tanglang River. However, it has not yet covered all areas. Although we have made every effort to carry out the treatment of Dianchi Lake and establish the awareness of "project is king", the water quality and treatment of Dianchi Lake are still a relatively large difficulty to deal with at present. Moving forward, we will continue to advance Dianchi protection and management projects, establishing a phased approach to project construction.
Q2: How do you view the current issue of microplastic pollution?
A2: Thank you very much for your attention. Microplastic pollution is indeed a global environmental problem, especially in Xishan District of Kunming City. With the acceleration of urbanization, the problem of microplastic pollution is becoming increasingly prominent. We recognize the seriousness of this problem and have taken measures in multiple aspects. We have made a lot of efforts in the treatment of microplastic pollution. Firstly, we have strengthened the construction and management of sewage treatment facilities to ensure the effective removal of microplastics in sewage. Secondly, we have carried out multiple environmental monitoring to grasp the distribution and pollution level of microplastics in the region. In addition, we have also raised residents' environmental awareness and reduced the generation of plastic waste through various forms of public education activities.
Q3: What is your opinion on our microplastic identification and processing technology?
A3: Your project is very promising. The identification and processing technology of microplastics is the key to solving this problem. Especially the technologies you proposed, such as nano-gold colorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and Machine Learning, can quickly and accurately identify microplastics, which is of great significance for environmental monitoring and governance. In addition, using a multi-enzyme system to degrade and transform microplastics into high-commercial-value products not only solves the problem of environmental pollution, but also creates economic benefits, which is a win-win solution.
Q4: We hope to cooperate with the Xishan District Water Affairs Bureau to jointly promote the control of microplastic pollution. Are you interested in learning about or exploring the possibility of cooperation?
A4: We warmly welcome cooperation with you. Xishan District Water Affairs Bureau has been committed to promoting environmental protection technology innovation and application. Through cooperation, we can jointly explore more effective microplastic treatment methods and improve regional environmental quality. We hope to achieve mutual complementarity through technical exchanges, project pilots, and resource sharing.
2. Zeng Guangfei
Deputy Director of Xishan Branch of Kunming Ecological Environment Bureau, Yunnan Province
General Secretary Xi Jinping's emphasis on comprehensive improvement of rural living environment during his inspection of Yunnan reflects the country's high attention to rural environmental protection and sustainable development. The important "three degrees" in rural governance are to improve the comfort of the living environment and put forward broader requirements for rural domestic sewage treatment. We hope that our project can play an important role in rural sewage treatment and contribute to the construction of a beautiful and livable rural environment.
Most of the rural areas in Yunnan are located in the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas, with scattered living and complex terrain and landforms. The cost and difficulty of collecting sewage in a comprehensive and centralized manner are high. After understanding the local characteristics, strategies should also be formulated according to local conditions. We found that the amount of domestic sewage in rural areas is small, unstable, and the concentration is not high, which is difficult to meet the requirements of factory and facility treatment. However, the nano-gold colorimetry and Raman spectroscopy technology we use can quickly and accurately identify microplastics in rural domestic sewage. This detection method is easy to operate and responsive, and may be promoted and applied in rural areas to help villagers and management personnel detect and monitor microplastic pollution in a timely manner. Combining with the actual situation in rural areas, multi-enzyme systems and ecological treatment methods, such as constructed wetlands and soil infiltration, can be used to convert organic matter and nutrients in sewage into beneficial resources and achieve resource utilization. Therefore, we interviewed Mr. Zeng Guangfei, Deputy Director of Xishan Branch of Kunming Ecological Environment Bureau in Yunnan Province, to discuss the promotion value and feasibility of the project.
Mr. Zeng Guangfei attaches great importance to reducing the role of microplastic pollution in the treatment of rural sewage. He pointed out that from the perspective of agricultural modernization, we should deeply understand the significant significance of strengthening the treatment of rural domestic sewage, which is not only reflected in improving the rural living environment and enhancing the quality of life of residents, but also involves multiple aspects such as ecological protection, economic development, and social harmony. However, in the past, the focus was usually on eutrophication of water bodies, water pollution, and water shortage, while neglecting the treatment of microplastics in drinking water safety. After treating rural domestic sewage and degrading microplastics, it can be used as agricultural irrigation water, landscape water, and domestic water. This can not only reduce the pressure of sewage treatment, but also effectively alleviate the problem of rural water shortage. If the efficiency and quality of water resource treatment can be further improved, it is believed that it can effectively improve the rural living environment. By converting waste PET into high commercial value vanillin, rural areas can achieve resource recycling, reduce the accumulation of plastic waste, bring certain economic benefits, and promote the sustainable development of rural economy and society.
Microplastic pollution is an environmental issue that deserves attention, posing a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Mr. Zeng Guangfei pointed out that UESTC China's project can effectively reduce the impact of microplastics on the environment through specific identification and efficient degradation technology, which is highly consistent with the responsibilities and goals of the Ecology and Environment Bureau. The project has high innovation and practical significance, and hopes to be promoted and applied to rural sewage treatment as soon as possible, contributing youth wisdom to the modernization of agricultural and rural governance.
3. Zheng Haitao
Yunnan Kunming Dianchi Water Construction Management Co., Ltd., Deputy Manager of Engineering Department.
Municipal engineering professional engineer.
After in-depth communication with Mr. Zheng Haitao, Deputy Manager of Engineering Department of Dianchi Water Construction Management Co., Ltd. in Kunming, Yunnan Province, we have a more comprehensive and profound understanding of the practical application prospects of the project. As a senior expert in the field of municipal engineering, Mr. Zheng provided us with valuable insights from the perspective of company operation, enabling us to examine the feasibility and potential value of the project from multiple dimensions.
Environmental benefits are highly compatible with the company's mission
Mr. Zheng Haitao emphasized the technological innovation and potential economic benefits of the project. He mentioned that the biodegradation technology and chemical synthesis technology involved in the process of converting waste PET into vanillin are at the forefront of the industry and have a high technical threshold. This means that once the project is successfully implemented, it can not only solve environmental pollution problems, but also create new economic growth points. At the same time, vanillin, as a high value-added product, is widely used in many fields such as food and cosmetics, with stable market demand and can bring considerable economic returns to the company.
Implementation challenges and responses
Although the project has broad prospects, Mr. Zheng also pointed out some challenges that may be encountered in the promotion and application process. For example, technical barriers that need to be overcome in the process of technology transfer, cost control of equipment procurement, and professional training of relevant personnel. In addition, the market's acceptance of new technologies is also an important factor that
Cooperation intention and future prospects
Mr. Zheng Haitao highly affirmed and supported our project, and expressed his desire to establish a cooperative relationship with us in the future. He believes that by complementing each other's advantages, we can better promote the industrialization process of the project and achieve win-win results. We cherish this cooperation opportunity and look forward to pushing the project to new heights with the support of Mr. Zheng and Dianchi Water Construction Management Co., Ltd., and making greater contributions to environmental protection and socio-economic development.
The conversation with Mr. Zheng Haitao not only broadened our horizons, but also strengthened our confidence to move forward. We will carefully absorb Mr. Zheng's valuable opinions, continuously improve the project plan, strive to overcome various difficulties, and strive to achieve the successful implementation of the project as soon as possible.
4. Shao Dan
Associate Professor at the School of Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Director of the Department of Energy and Environmental Materials, Expert Database of the Industrial Water Treatment Professional Committee of the China Chemical Industry Society
Overall, your ideas are highly innovative and possess significant creative value. The project not only encompasses effective identification of microplastic PET but also involves conversion technology for high-value chemicals. The combination of these two aspects demonstrates the comprehensiveness and forward-thinking nature of the project. In today's context of pursuing green and efficient transformations, this project undoubtedly holds great significance and broad application prospects. We eagerly anticipate seeing your research outcomes, as we believe they will have a positive impact on the relevant industries and may drive technological advancements and industrial upgrades. We hope your project progresses smoothly and achieves the expected results.
5. Sichuan Jingtang Environmental Protection
Sichuan Jingtang Environmental Protection Equipment provides various water treatment equipment with different focuses in treating domestic sewage, but they all play an important role. The company's sewage treatment mainly includes several sectors.
- Ultra-pure water equipment: can be used as a secondary treatment equipment to provide high-quality domestic water.
- Seawater desalination equipment: provides alternative or supplementary domestic water to reduce the production of domestic sewage.
- Wastewater treatment equipment: directly treat domestic sewage, remove pollutants, and ensure standard discharge.
- Reclaimed water reuse equipment: After treating domestic sewage, it is used for non-drinking purposes to achieve the recycling of water resources.
Jingtang Environmental Protection stated that our project has great innovative value. Microplastics are often overlooked in water treatment. Jingtang Environmental Protection Organization is very willing to establish cooperative relationships with other enterprises and institutions. The company also pays special attention to microplastic pollution control and environmental protection projects, and is willing to work with us to carry out follow-up technical research and discussions, develop equipment and solutions suitable for microplastic treatment, and contribute to the cause of environmental protection.
Summary
We have summarized and summarized the application evaluations of government officials, professors, and enterprises, providing future development directions for our project.
| Name | Position | Breakthrough and challenge | Willingness to cooperate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yang Junfeng | Director, Xishan District Water Bureau, Kunming | In terms of flood control and drought relief, the problem of flooded water in 9 regions was promptly and effectively handled in a timely manner. Solved drinking water problems for more than 20,000 people, and implemented the Haikou water purification plant project for industrial and agricultural water. | We welcome cooperation with the project side to jointly explore more effective microplastics treatment methods to improve the regional environmental quality. |
| Zeng Guangfei | Deputy Director, Xishan Branch, Ecological Environment Bureau, Kunming, Yunnan Province | Microplastic pollution is a serious environmental problem that poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. | The project is of innovative and practical significance, and it is hoped to be applied to rural sewage treatment as soon as possible. |
| Zheng Haitao | Yunnan Kunming Dianchi Water Construction Management Co., LTD., deputy manager of the first engineering department Professional engineer of municipal engineering |
- | We look forward to the smooth progress of the project and the expected results. |
| Shao Dan | Associate Professor, School of Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Head of Department of Energy and Environmental Materials, expert database expert of Industrial Water Treatment Professional Committee of Chemical Society of China | - | We look forward to the smooth progress of the project and the expected results. |
| Sichuan Jingtang environmental protection equipment Co., LTD | Company staff | Provide a variety of water treatment equipment, including ultra-pure water equipment, seawater desalination equipment, sewage treatment equipment, water reuse equipment. | They are willing to cooperate with other enterprises and institutions to jointly develop equipment and programs suitable for microplastics governance. |
| Name | Views on microplastic pollution | Technical evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Yang Junfeng | Strengthen the construction and management of sewage treatment facilities, carry out environmental monitoring, and raise public awareness of environmental protection. | The ability to quickly and accurately identify microplastics is of great significance for environmental monitoring and management. Using a multi-enzyme system to degrade microplastics and turn them into products of high commercial value is a win-win solution. |
| Zeng Guangfei | Recognizing the seriousness of microplastic pollution, measures have been taken to strengthen sewage treatment and environmental monitoring and raise public awareness of environmental protection. | It has promotion value in rural sewage treatment, and by converting waste PET into vanvanin with high commercial value, rural areas can realize the recycling of resources, reduce the accumulation of plastic waste, and bring certain economic benefits. |
| Zheng Haitao | The project is highly compatible with the company's mission of water quality protection and water environmental pollution control, technological innovation and potential economic benefits. | In the process of technology transfer, technical barriers, cost control of equipment procurement, and professional training of relevant personnel need to be overcome. Market acceptance of the new technology is a factor that cannot be ignored. |
| Shao Dan | Considering the project novel and innovative, covering effective identification of microplastic PET and conversion technology of high-value chemicals. | The project covers not only the effective identification of microplastic PET, but also the conversion technology of high-value chemicals, the combination of which demonstrates the comprehensiveness and foresight of the project. |
| Sichuan Jingtang environmental protection equipment Co., LTD | Microplastics are an often overlooked problem in water treatment, and many current water treatment facilities are not specifically designed for microplastics, leading to the possibility that they are not ef | - |
Technical advice
1. Guan Wanchun
Vice Dean, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University.
We were fortunate to contact Professor Guan Wanchun, Vice Dean of the School of Laboratory Medicine at Wenzhou Medical University, and had a pleasant communication and conversation. Although Professor Guan Wanchun did not directly design the technical field of the project, he consulted with other professors for their advice and provided us with valuable technical guidance and support.
Interview minutes:
Q1：How to further improve its sensitivity and selectivity in the application of nano-gold colorimetry?
A1:The shape and size of nano-gold can be regulated. The teacher pointed out that by precisely controlling the shape and size of nano-gold particles, its efficiency and selectivity in catalytic reactions can be significantly improved. Different shapes and sizes will affect the surface plasmon resonance properties of nano-gold, which in turn will affect its optical properties and catalytic activity. Therefore, in experimental design, different synthesis methods can be tried to achieve fine regulation of the morphology of nano-gold particles to achieve the best performance.
Identification can be achieved through array sensing by selecting sensitive modification groups and increasing array channels. The professor suggested adopting array sensing technology for identifying specific target molecules. This approach not only enhances detection sensitivity and specificity but also allows for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. By selecting appropriate modification groups, such as antibodies or nucleic acid aptamers, the sensor's ability to selectively recognize target molecules can be improved. Additionally, increasing the number of channels in the array can further enhance the system's versatility and accuracy, enabling a single device to perform multi-task detection. The professor suggested adopting array sensing technology for identifying specific target molecules. This approach not only enhances detection sensitivity and specificity but also allows for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. By selecting appropriate modification groups, such as antibodies or nucleic acid aptamers, the sensor's ability to selectively recognize target molecules can be improved. Additionally, increasing the number of channels in the array can further enhance the system's versatility and accuracy, enabling a single device to perform multi-task detection.
Q2:For the construction of a multi-enzyme system, what aspects do you think we should consider to optimize enzyme activity and stability?
A2:Nanoenzymes can be considered for signal amplification. Nanoenzymes have high catalytic activity and can exhibit diverse biocatalytic functions by adjusting their nanostructure (such as size, morphology, surface modification, etc.) or changing the catalytic environment (such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc.). Compared with traditional enzymes, they are easier to customize and design according to application needs. Nanoenzymes also have a stable structure and can maintain high activity under various environmental conditions, which makes them more advantageous than natural enzymes in biomedical applications. For example, some nanoenzymes can exhibit responsive regulatory catalytic activity under external stimuli (such as light, ultrasound, magnetic field, etc.).
2. Luo Yinlong
Master's student in the School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, majoring in spectral analysis of water pollutants.
2.1 Dataset contribution
Classmate Luo Yinlong utilized an advanced Raman spectrometer to conduct detailed spectral collection on various types of microplastic samples. The collected data spans a wide range of common microplastic materials (such as PE, PP, PS, PVC, PET, etc.) and includes systematic measurements of microplastics within different particle size ranges. This high-quality dataset has provided a solid foundation for our project, enabling us to consider a broader range of influencing factors when building the microplastic identification model, thereby enhancing the model's generalization capability.
2.2 Technical support
In terms of data processing and analysis, Luo Yinlong applied his expertise and technical skills to help us solve several key issues1.
3. Zheng Yuanjian
Chongqing Fengdu Drainage Company
3.1 Relationship
Expert Zheng pointed out that current wastewater treatment plants primarily address plastic pollution through physical separation and biological degradation processes. Physical separation is suitable for larger, insoluble plastic particles, while biological degradation relies on the metabolism of microorganisms in activated sludge to convert dissolved or colloidal plastics into harmless substances.
3.2 Need
Zheng believes that, although existing wastewater treatment standards do not explicitly specify requirements for microplastic treatment, future treatment plants will indeed need to enhance their capacity to handle microplastics. This will require the introduction of specialized equipment such as flotation separation and light sedimentation, which pose significant challenges in terms of technology and cost.
Feasibility of Engineered Bacteria in the Water Purification Industry
Experts have clearly stated that the application of engineered bacteria in the water purification industry is feasible. Current wastewater treatment technologies already widely use acclimatized microorganisms, but the adaptability of specialized engineered bacteria poses a potential challenge. The stringent environmental requirements for microbial survival may make it difficult for certain engineered bacteria to thrive in activated sludge systems.
Project Suggestions
Regarding the team's project, Expert Zheng suggested further detailing the harmful effects of microplastics, ideally incorporating real-world cases or existing research data. Considering the limitations of using E. coli as a carrier, it was recommended to position the project at the front end of the wastewater treatment process to ensure the availability of carbon sources and energy necessary for its survival and reproduction.
Conclusion: Expert Zheng’s insights provide important industry perspectives, suggesting that future research directions should focus on the feasibility of microplastic treatment technologies and the application potential of engineering bacteria to address the increasingly severe issue of plastic pollution.
4. Liu Dongfeng
Professor and doctoral supervisor, Department of Environment, University of Science and Technology of China.
Professor Liu gave us valuable suggestions on the problem of plastic degradation efficiency, so that we have a new idea for the follow-up improvement of the project. He suggested that we select some of the highly effective enzymes that have been reported to improve the degradation efficiency of plastics, such as the novel Feruloyl Esterase found in the intestinal microbiome of yellow mealworms. In addition, he also introduced to us the research progress of Dai Zhuojun et al. 3, suggested that we choose hosts that are tolerant to extreme conditions such as high temperature to express plastic degrading enzymes, and also provided us with an idea of making plastics degrade "automatically", which inspired us deeply.
5. Summary
We consulted with experts in various fields on technical aspects, providing ideas for our technical improvement and helping the project further improve.
| Expert name | Position | Contributions and suggestions |
|---|---|---|
| Guan Wanchun | Vice Dean, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Doctor, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Improve the sensitivity and selectivity of nanogold colorimetry: regulate the shape and size of nanogold. Array sensing technology was used to improve the sensitivity and specificity of detection. Optimization of multi-enzyme system with nano-enzyme. |
| Luo Yinlong | He is a 2021 master student at the School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University. His research direction is spectral analysis of water pollutants | Spectral data of various microplastic samples were collected. Provide technical support for data processing and analysis. |
| Zheng Yuanjian | Chongqing Fengdu drainage company expert | Analysis of the relationship between wastewater treatment technology and plastic pollution. The need to enhance microplastics handling capacity was highlighted. Discussion on feasibility of engineering bacteria in water purification industry. Suggestions for team projects. |
| Liu Dongfeng | Professor and doctoral supervisor, Department of Environment, University of Science and Technology of China | He suggested that we select some of the highly effective enzymes that have been reported to improve the degradation efficiency of plastics, such as the novel Feruloyl Esterase found in the intestinal microbiome of yellow mealworms |