References
1. Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nature reviews Microbiology. 2009; 7: 736–747. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2208 PMID:19756012
2. Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, et al. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003; 3: 757–771. PMID: 14652202
3. Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2001; 14: 296–326. PMID: 11292640
4. de Vries SG, Visser BJ, Nagel IM, Goris MG, Hartskeerl RA, et al. Leptospirosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis. 2014; 28: e47201e64.
5. Adler B, de la Peña Moctezuma A. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Veterinary microbiology. 2010; 140:287–296. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012 PMID: 19345023
6. Lau CL, Smythe LD, Craig SB, Weinstein P. Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire? Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2010; 104: 631–638 doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.07.002 PMID: 20813388
7. Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Siozopoulou V, Christou L, Akritidis N. The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends. Int J Infect Dis. 2008; 12: 351–357.: doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.09.011 PMID:18055245
8. Katz AR, Ansdell VE, Effler PV, Middleton CR, Sasaki DM. Leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974–1998: epide-miologic analysis of 353 laboratory-confirmed cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002; 66: 61 PMID:12135270
9. Morgan J, Bornstein SL, Karpati AM, Bruce M, Bolin CA, et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 34: 1593–1599. PMID: 12032894
10. Agampodi SB, Karunarathna D, Jayathilala N, Rathnayaka H, Agampodi TC, et al. Outbreak of lepto-spirosis after white-water rafting: sign of a shift from rural to recreational leptospirosis in Sri Lanka? Epi-demiol Infect. 2014; 142: 843–846. doi: 10.1017/S0950268813001465 PMID: 23800619
11. Lau C, Smythe L, Weinstein P. Leptospirosis: an emerging disease in travelers. Travel Med Infect Dis.2010; 8: 33–39. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2009.12.002 PMID: 20188303
12. Sejvar J, Bancroft E, Winthrop K, Bettinger J, Bajani M, et al. Leptospirosis in "Eco-Challenge" athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000. Emerging infectious diseases. 2003; 9: 702–707. PMID: 12781010
13. Lacerda HG, Monteiro GR, Oliveira CCG, Suassuna FB, Queiroz JW, et al. Leptospirosis in a subsistence farming community in Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008; 102: 1233–1238. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.05.010 PMID: 18599101
14. McBride AJA, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI. Leptospirosis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2005; 18: 376–386. PMID: 16148523
15. Sethi S, Sharma N, Kakkar N, Taneja J, Chatterjee SS, et al. Increasing trends of leptospirosis in northern India: a clinico-epidemiological study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010; 4: e579. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000579 PMID: 20084097
16. Crump JA, Morrissey AB, Nicholson WL, Massung RF, Stoddard RA, et al. Etiology of severe non-malaria febrile illness in Northern Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. PLoS neglected tropical dis-eases. 2013; 7: e2324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002324 PMID: 23875053
17. Wuthiekanun V, Sirisukkarn N, Daengsupa P, Sakaraserane P, Sangkakam A, et al. Clinical diagnosisand geographic distribution of leptospirosis, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13: 124. PMID:17370525
18. Agampodi S, Peacock SJ, Thevanesam V. The potential emergence of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka. TheLancet infectious diseases. 2009; 9: 524–526. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70211-7 PMID: 19695489
19. Ko AI, Galvão Reis M, Ribeiro Dourado CM, Johnson WD, Riley LW. Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group. Lancet. 1999; 354: 820–825. PMID: 10485724
20. Maciel EAP, De Carvalho ALF, Nascimento SF, De Matos RB, Gouveia EL, et al. Household transmission of leptospira infection in urban slum communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008; 2: e154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000154 PMID: 18357340
21. Ganoza CA, Matthias MA, Collins-Richards D, Brouwer KC, Cunningham CB, et al. Determining risk for severe leptospirosis by molecular analysis of environmental surface waters for pathogenic Leptospira. PLoS Med. 2006; 3: e308. PMID: 16933963
22. Reis RB, Ribeiro GS, Felzemburgh RDM, Santana FS, Mohr S, et al. Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008; 2: e228. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228 PMID: 18431445
23. Felzemburgh RD, Ribeiro GS, Costa F, Reis RB, Hagan JE, et al. Prospective study of leptospirosis transmission in an urban slum community: role of poor environment in repeated exposures to the Leptospira agent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8: e2927. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002927 PMID: 24875389
24. Costa F, Ribeiro G, Felzemburgh R, Santos N, Reis R, et al. Influence of Household Rat Infestation on Leptospira Transmission in Urban Slums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8:e3338. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003338 PMID: 25474580
25. Amilasan A, Ujiie M, Suzuki M, Salva E, Belo MCP, et al. Outbreak of Leptospirosis after Flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012; 18: 91–94. doi: 10.3201/eid1801.101892 PMID: 22257492
26. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. The challenge of the slums: Global report on human settlements. 2003: 310.
27. Zaki SR, Shieh WJ. Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995. The Epidemic Working Group at Ministry of Health in Nicaragua. Lancet. 1996; 347: 535–536. PMID: 8596276
28. Segura ER, Ganoza CA, Campos KJ, Ricaldi JN, Torres S, et al. Clinical spectrum of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis in a region of endemicity, with quantification of leptospiral burden. Clinical infectious diseases. 2005; 40: 343–351. PMID: 15668855
29. Gouveia EL, Metcalfe J, de Carvalho ALF, Aires TSF, Villasboas-Bisneto JC, et al. Leptospirosis associated severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome, Salvador, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008; 14: 505.doi: 10.3201/eid1403.071064 PMID: 18325275
30. Papa A, Theoharidou D, Antoniadis A. Pulmonary involvement and leptospirosis, Greece. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009; 15: 834–835. doi: 10.3201/eid1505.080270 PMID: 19402988
31. Lameire NH, Bagga A, Cruz D, De Maeseneer J, Endre Z, et al. Acute kidney injury: an increasing global concern. Lancet. 2013; 382: 170–179. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60647-9 PMID: 23727171
32. Ismail TF, Wasfy MO, Abdul-Rahman B, Murray CK, Hospenthal DR, et al. Retrospective serosurvey of leptospirosis among patients with acute febrile illness and hepatitis in Egypt. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2006; 75: 1085–1089. PMID: 17172371
33. Reller ME, Wunder EA Jr., Miles JJ, Flom JE, Mayorga O, et al. Unsuspected leptospirosis is a cause of acute febrile illness in Nicaragua. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8: e2941. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002941 PMID: 25058149
34. Mayxay M, Castonguay-vanier J, Chansamouth V, Dubot-pérès A, Paris DH, et al. Causes of non malarial fever in Laos: a prospective study. Lancet Glob Health. 2013; 1: 46–54.
35. Mueller TC, Siv S, Khim N, Kim S, Fleischmann E, et al. Acute undifferentiated febrile illness in rural Cambodia: a 3-year prospective observational study. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e95868. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095868 PMID: 24755844
36. Gasem MH, Wagenaar JFP, Goris MGA, Adi MS, Isbandrio BB, et al. Murine typhus and leptospirosis as causes of acute undifferentiated fever, Indonesia. Emerging infectious diseases. 2009; 15: 975– 977.: doi: 10.3201/eid1506.081405 PMID: 19523308
37. Kendall EA, LaRocque RC, Bui DM, Galloway R, Ari MD, et al. Short report: Leptospirosis as a cause of fever in urban Bangladesh. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2010; 82: 1127–1130. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0574 PMID: 20519612
38. Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Niwattayakul K, Hoontrakul S, Intaranongpai W, et al. Causes of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in rural Thailand: results of a prospective observational study. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006; 100: 363–370. PMID: 16762116
39. Bruce M, Sanders E, Leake J, Zaidel O, Bragg SL, et al. Leptospirosis among patients presenting with dengue-like illness in Puerto Rico. Acta Trop. 2005; 96: 36–46. PMID: 16083836
40. Flannery B, Pereira MM, Velloso L De F, Carvalho C De C, De Codes LG, et al. Referral pattern of leptospirosis cases during a large urban epidemic of dengue. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001; 65: 657–663. PMID: 11716133
41. LaRocque RC, Breiman RF, Ari MD, Morey RE, Janan FA, et al. Leptospirosis during dengue outbreak, Bangladesh. Emerging infectious diseases. 2005; 11: 766–769. PMID: 15890136
42. Picardeau M, Bertherat E, Jancloes M, Skouloudis AN, Durski K, et al. Rapid tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis: current tools and emerging technologies. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2014; 78: 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.012 PMID: 24207075
43. Musso D, La Scola B. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: A challenge. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2013; pp. 245–252.
44. Abela-Ridder B, Sikkema R, Hartskeerl RA. Estimating the burden of human leptospirosis. Int J Antimicrob Ag. 2010; 36:S5–7
45. Biggs HM, Hertz JT, Munishi OM, Galloway RL, Marks F, et al. Estimating leptospirosis incidence using hospital-based surveillance and a population-based health care utilization survey in Tanzania. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2013; 7: e2589. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002589 PMID: 24340122
46. Complement Evasion by Pathogenic Leptospira PMID: 28066433 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00623
47. Ricklin D, Hajishengallis G, Yang K, Lambris JD. Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nat Immunol (2010) 11(9):785–97. doi:10.1038/ni.1923
48. Kim DD, Song WC. Membrane complement regulatory proteins. Clin Immunol (2006) 118(2–3):127–36. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2005.10.014
49. Farr RW. Leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21(1): 1-6; quiz 7-8.
50. Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14(2): 296-326.
51. Haake DA, Levett PN. Leptospirosis in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2015;387:65-97. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_5. PMID: 25388133; PMCID: PMC4442676.
52. Weil A. Ueber eine eigenthümliche, mit Milztumor, Icterus und Nephritis einhergehende, acute Infectionskrankheit. Dtsch Arch Klin Med. 1886;39:209.
53. Chih‐Wei Yang, Mai‐Szu Wu, Ming‐Jeng Pan, Leptospirosis renal disease, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 16, Issue suppl_5, July 2001, Pages 73–77, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/16.suppl_5.73
54. Gvajaia N, Tkeshelashvili M, Ratiani L, Pachkoria E, Mikadze I. Leptospirosis-Induced Septic Shock and Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: A Complex Case of Zoonotic Infection in a Young Female Patient. Cureus. 2023 Dec 28;15(12):e51243. doi: 10.7759/cureus.51243. PMID: 38288193; PMCID: PMC10824148.
55. Castiblanco-Valencia MM, Fraga TR, Silva LB, Monaris D, Abreu PA, Strobel S, et al. Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins interact with human complement regulators factor H, FHL-1, FHR-1, and C4BP. J Infect Dis (2012) 205(6):995–1004. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir875
56. Verma A, Hellwage J, Artiushin S, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P, Timoney JF, et al.LfhA, a novel factor H-binding protein of Leptospira interrogans. Infect Immun(2006) 74(5):2659–66. doi:10.1128/IAI.74.5.2659-2666.2006
57. Stevenson B, Choy HA, Pinne M, Rotondi ML, Miller MC, Demoll E, et al. Leptospira interrogans endostatin-like outer membrane proteins bind host fibronectin, laminin and regulators of complement. PLoS One (2007)2(11):e1188. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001188
58. Choy HA, Kelley MM, Chen TL, Møller AK, Matsunaga J, Haake DA.Physiological osmotic induction of Leptospira interrogans adhesion: LigA and LigB bind extracellular matrix proteins and fibrinogen. Infect Immun (2007)75(5):2441–50. doi:10.1128/IAI.01635-06
59. Barbosa AS, Monaris D, Silva LB, Morais ZM, Vasconcellos SA, Cianciarullo AM, et al. Functional characterization of LcpA, a surface-exposed protein of Leptospira spp. that binds the human complement regulator C4BP. Infect Immun (2010) 78(7):3207–16. doi:10.1128/IAI.00279-10
60. Murray GL. The molecular basis of leptospiral pathogenesis. In: Adler B, editor.Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology.
New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2015). p. 139–86.
61. MicroRNAs Regulated by the LPS/TLR2 Immune Axis as Bona Fide Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00409-20 PMID: 32669469
62.Chuaypen N, Limothai U, Kunadirek P, Kaewsapsak P, Kueanjinda P, Srisawat N, Tangkijvanich P. Identification and validation of circulating miRNAs as potential new biomarkers for severe liver disease in patients with leptospirosis. PLoS One. 2021 Sep 27;16(9):e0257805. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257805. PMID: 34570814; PMCID: PMC8476044.
63. Yuhao Chen and Xiaowei Wang (2020) miRDB: an online database for prediction of functional microRNA targets. Nucleic Acids Research. 48(D1):D127-D131.
64. Yanagihara Y, Villanueva S, Nomura N, et al. Leptospira is an environmental bacterium that grows in waterlogged oil. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10:e0215721
65. Sykes JE, Francey T, Schuller S, Stoddard RA, Cowgill LD, Moore GE. Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2023 Nov-Dec;37(6):1966-1982. doi: 10.1111/jvim.16903. Epub 2023 Oct 20. PMID: 37861061; PMCID: PMC10658540.
66. Haake DA, Levett PN. Leptospirosis in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2015;387:65-97. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_5. PMID: 25388133; PMCID: PMC4442676.