Introduction and Thematic Overview

2024 Human Practices: Our Objective

Human Practices is the approach to producing tangible and noticeable contributions to humankind in real-world application through environmental, social, moral, and scientific aspects. Before implementing strategies to boost bioplastic production, it is quintessential to search for the most overlooked factor.

Accordingly, our team conducted various consumer and producer interviews to find the focal point of the experimental direction. Throughout the interviews, we noticed an overlapping area that needed fundamental change for the development of Human Practices: the lack of awareness of bioplastics. Along with raising awareness in the general bioplastic field, our team aims to augment cost-efficiency and overall quality. Taken together, our Korea_HS team not only plans to bring awareness of bioplastics but to address specific concerns regarding overall productivity in utilizing bioplastics.

Our Methods and Approach

Over the course of a couple of months, we had the opportunity to interview a diverse range of stakeholders deeply engaged in the usage of plastics. We were able to generalize our stakeholders into four main groups: consumers, activists, business owners (CEOs) of plastic alternative companies, and additional (miscellaneous). Our team aimed to reach out to all possible stakeholders within these overarching groups who could influence or be affected by our project and its outcomes.

After receiving feedback from the stakeholders we interviewed, we integrated these insights into our project by taking two different approaches: experimental and non-experimental.

Our team conducted experimental modifications by targeting concerns regarding cost-efficiency through pH level modifications, as well as durability and quality through Nile Red staining and cytotoxicity analyses.

In addition, we also implemented non-experimental approaches into our project. Our team launched a social media campaign to improve general awareness and created a policy framework to address key issues and guide future initiatives.

Our Results and Accomplishments

We effectively utilized feedback from various stakeholders to enhance our outcomes.

1. First, we surveyed to accurately gauge citizens' perceptions of bioplastics and their potential as a plastic alternative. We also conducted numerous interviews with various types of people, from designers and small businesses to CEOs of companies and employees who have expertise in plastics. Thus, our team conducted social media campaigns to raise more awareness.
2. Furthermore, we had a non-experimental section where we developed a policy framework after researching ongoing awareness policies on bioplastics and exploring rooms for growth in their potential limitations.
3. Then, we used our findings from Human Practices to experimentally enhance our bioplastic outcome. While conducting interviews, we realized that people consider cost-efficiency, durability, and cytotoxicity while consuming or producing plastic. As a result, we strived to experimentally create a bioplastic using synthetic biology encompassing pH level modifications, Nile Red Staining, and cytotoxicity tests, that are more cost-effective and prolific than that of other bioplastics.

Summary and Reflection

Through our process of weaving feedback from individuals from various fields into our project, we have continued to build and improve upon the strengths and areas of growth within our work. Their valuable insights have encouraged our team to develop our project with the values of practicality, accessibility, and effectiveness in mind. Our team’s success in Integrated Human Practices signifies an innovation in synthetic biology that can reach beyond this competition and into the real world.

Validation: Is Our Project Good and Responsible for the World?

Activists

Julie Andersen, CEO of Plastic Oceans, Environmental Advocate

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• CEO and Co-Founder of Plastic Oceans, an organization striving to equip and empower communities with greater awareness of plastic pollution through the use of films
• Attempted to gain a better sense of direction regarding the non-experimental aspect of our project through her feedback and expertise

Interview Process/Summary

• Emphasized the fact that different communities face the issue of plastic pollution in different ways and degrees
• Developed a more comprehensive understanding of the different ways in which individuals contribute to and are affected by plastic pollution

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Leveraged this knowledge to build our social media campaigns on the foundation of addressing the various perspectives involved in the issue

Haneul Kim, Plastic Upcycling Designer in South Korea

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• Haneul Kim is a designer based in South Korea who specializes in repurposing discarded objects to create innovative and environmentally conscious works
• An ideal choice for an interview on the adoption of bioplastics in the design field

Interview Process/Summary

• Expressed openness to exploring bio-plastics in the future if opportunities arise
• Acknowledged the growing significance of bio-plastics in the industry

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Created an Awareness Policy Framework
• Launched a Social Media Campaign to increase understanding and perception of bioplastics
• Will help other designers better understand the benefits and applications of bioplastics and demonstrate how these materials can align with sustainable design principles

Seoul Energy Dream Center, Center for Future Sustainable Building Construction in Seoul, Representative

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• An employee of Seoul Energy Dream Center
• Strives for future sustainable building constructions in Seoul
• Pursuing a sustainable and eco-friendly initiative, our team interviewed the Seoul Energy Dream Center employee and drew inspiration from sustainable architecture practices that would be beneficial for our project

Interview Process/Summary

• Emphasized that greenhouse gas produced by buildings is the major factor contributing to global warming and climate change
• Stated that some cities are not suitable for renewable energy sources such as water or wind
• Commented that there is a limitation in extracting renewable energy

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Noted the lack of productive and efficient CO₂ reduction methods
• Acknowledged cities that have characteristics like Seoul require methods that avoid utilizing external resources like water, wind, and geothermal energy
• Created a Social Media Campaign that promotes the efficiency of bioplastics in reducing CO₂ emissions

Business Owners of Plastic Alternative Companies

Jeong Seong-il, CEO of Earthform, a biodegradable foam-producing company, at the 2024 Agricultural & Food Tech Start-Up Rising Expo

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• CEO of a company at the forefront of developing biodegradable foam as a sustainable alternative to styrofoam
• Their products are designed to decompose within just two months under optimal conditions, offering an environmentally friendly solution to traditional foam products

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Conducted a series of experimental tests, including pH level modifications, Nile Staining, and cytotoxicity assessments, to enhance the quality of our bioplastic and remain a sustainable, competent option in the field

DanDan Box, an eco-friendly packaging-producing company, Representative at the 2024 Agricultural & Food Tech Start-Up Rising Expo

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• A company that produces eco-friendly packaging for agricultural products
• Fascinated by the advertisement of "eco-friendly" packaging, our team approached DanDan Box's booth and sought for an interview

Interview Process/Summary

• Acknowledged that customers have a somewhat good perception of bioplastic and are willing to buy bioplastic packaging material
• Stated that the producers on the other hand are more hesitant to adopt bioplastic packaging since the cost of bioplastic is a great burden
• Claimed that he was hopeful that better and more productive technology in the bioplastic field would yield more producers utilizing bioplastic packaging

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Realized that the cost-efficiency of bioplastic is the barrier to widespread adoption of the technique
• Modified the hypothesis and lab settings into cultivating bacteria in a higher pH setting to have better output

247 Fresh Pack, a sustainable packaging-producing company, Representative at the 2024 Agricultural & Food Tech Start-Up Rising Expo

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• CEO of a company that produces zip-lock bags that are completely biodegradable and reusable
• Posed alternative solutions to one-time packaging material that is undegradable and detrimental to the environment

Interview Process/Summary

• Emphasized the fact that most bioplastics are not biodegradable due to their complex chemical structure and resistance to decomposition

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Put effort into making our bioplastics to be as eco-friendly as possible
• Approached by successfully reducing atmospheric CO₂₂ levels
• Produced PHB (Polyhydroxyalkanoate) using Syne. SP instead of producing non-biodegradable bioplastics such as bio-polyethylene (bio-PE) and bio-polypropylene (bio-PP)

Additional/Miscellaneous

Daniel Robustillo, Vytrus Biotech, active ingredients producing company, Representative, at 2024 Intercharm Korea Expo

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• Company based in Spain that creates active ingredients for plant biotechnology
• Does not utilize bioplastics but instead plant-based ingredients
• Wanted to see why several other companies including Vytrus Biotechnology were not actively investing in the bioplastic field

Interview Process/Summary

• Stated that there are complex processes that the companies have to go through with bioplastic, potentially having more steps and more barriers
• Added that bioplastic itself may not be 100% sustainable and suggested room to integrate conventional plastic with bioplastic as the first step to reduce high levels of conventional plastic consumption

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Served as a great example where our team saw room for development in awareness campaigns and in the potential development of policy frameworks for plastic-producing companies

Eduarda Santos, Plantus Industry, organic enzyme producing company, Representative, at 2024 Intercharm Korea Expo

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• Technical Consultant for Plantus Industry, a company specializing in the production of organic enzymes
• Manufacturers and commercializes products for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food sectors, with a strong emphasis on quality through the integration of sustainable technology and innovative development practices

Interview Process/Summary

• Noted that while his company is not currently using bioplastics, he acknowledged the potential for future adoption
• Highlighted that bioplastics could be a promising option for packaging cosmetic products, offering an opportunity to enhance sustainability within their operations

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Carried out additional experimental tests, including durability and quality assessments (Nile Staining) and cytotoxicity evaluations of our bioplastic
• Ensured that bioplastics can be a feasible and effective option for packaging, addressing both performance and safety considerations

Econnect, an eco-friendly material-promoting company, Representative at the 2024 Agricultural & Food Tech Start-Up Rising Expo

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• A company that attempts to convert petroleum-based plastic to eco-friendly material
• Attempted to gain insight into the current marketplace's perception of bioplastic adoption

Interview Process/Summary

• Noted that his company uses bioplastics in products and recognizes several benefits associated with them
• Pointed out that bioplastics are less popular than traditional plastics and warned that some require specific conditions to biodegrade, which can lead to greenhouse gas emissions
• Mentioned that only 20% of people in Korea are aware of bioplastics and emphasized that bioplastics are not a one-size-fits-all solution, suggesting that various types of plastics will be needed for different purposes

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Created a targeted social media campaign designed to boost general awareness and understanding of bioplastics
• Aimed to educate the public about the sustainability benefits of bioplastics, fostering a more informed and environmentally conscious community

Consumers

Chorok-Maul, an organic food-producing company, Representative at the 2024 Agricultural & Food Tech Start-Up Rising Expo

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• An employee of a sustainable and eco-friendly food sales company in South Korea

Interview Process/Summary

• Learned that a major obstacle to the widespread adoption of bioplastic in big companies is its cost-effectiveness
• Reported that they are discouraged from using bioplastic packages because conventional plastic costs are relatively cheaper and are already widespread in the industry

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• To enhance cost-effectiveness, our team used Adaptive Laboratory Modification (ALE) and cultivated Syne. SP in high pH conditions
• ALE accelerates natural evolution processes to obtain strains with enhanced features, leading to novel mutations that confer advantages under specific growth conditions
• Used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), particularly an RNA sequencing technology, to optimize bacteria for cost-effective CO₂ production

Juice Lab Store Owner, a merchant at Gwangjang Market

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• Visited a market in Korea, which had several small vendors selling a wide range of food and drinks
• Noticing the use of plastic cups and straws, we decided to interview the owner of a small juice vendor
• Hoped to understand some of the constraints involved in adopting alternative packaging materials

Interview Process/Summary

• Inquired about the extent of their plastic use, reasons for plastic packaging, and reservations regarding alternative packaging
• Confirmed our assumptions that cost efficiency is among the top priorities for small vendors
• Stated that vendors would likely not be willing to replace plastic with biodegradable material if that were to involve compromising their cost-efficiency

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Focused on the cost-efficiency of our PHB material by increasing production through the modification of pH levels. facilitated greater amounts of PHB for the same amount of material by adjusting pH levels for optimal productivity of PHB
• Addressed concerns about cost efficiency by increasing output without compromising the cost
• Took a big step closer to making it more accessible for everyone, including those who depend on its low costs

Nooyi-Ne Store Owner, a merchant at Gwangjang Market

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• Interviewed another juice vendor, hoping to compare her responses to our first juice vendor interviewee

Interview Process/Summary

• When asked questions regarding how many plastic cups were being used per day, she responded by saying that she did not know at all
• Realized that some of the vendors at the market, much like the second juice vendor, might be mindlessly using plastic materials due to their affordability and accessibility

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Encouraged us to work towards plastic pollution advocacy, which was executed through our social media campaign
• Hoped to educate and raise awareness about plastic pollution for those who may be mindlessly using plastic in their daily lives

Coffee N Waffle Store Owner, a merchant at Gwangjang Market

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• A merchant, and waffle store owner in Gwangjang Market located in Seoul
• Serves waffles to customers and uses plastic bags as its only source of packaging
• Wanted to hear why merchants in the market continue to use conventional plastic bags instead of considering other alternative options

Interview Process/Summary

• Claimed that stores use conventional plastic bags because they are convenient and cheap
• The market itself has narrow sidewalks and does not have open space, leaving customers to take their food out and requiring a portable packaging material
• Merchants only are left with the option to adopt conventional plastic bags

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Realized that there is a strong reliance on conventional plastic for merchants primarily because of its cost appeal
• Decided to appeal first-hand consumers, the merchants, by producing cost-efficient bioplastic
• ALE and synthetic biology experiments are conducted to ensure cost efficiency and productivity

Guang Seong Bedding Store Owner at Gwangjang Market

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• A store in Gwangjang Market in Seoul, where the owner personally oversees and manages all operations

Interview Process/Summary

• Explained that plastic bags are used for packaging their bedding due to their convenience compared to other materials
• Highlighted that plastic is portable for customers and is also more cost-effective
• Expressed concerns about bioplastics' quality and safety for customers

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Performed further testing of our bioplastic, including assessments of Durability & Quality (using Nile staining) and Cytotoxicity
• Demonstrated the bioplastic's overall quality and safety, addressing the owner’s concerns

Axton Salim, CEO of the Salim Group

Background/Reason Behind Selection

• Executive director of Salim Group, the largest conglomerate in Indonesia
• Includes Indomaret, Indonesia’s biggest convenience store chain; Indofood Sukses Makmur, the largest instant noodle producer in the world; and various other major corporations

Interview Process/Summary

• Addressed concerns regarding possible food safety issues that arise from large-scale food packaging applications
• Shared some of the company’s initiatives to reduce its environmental footprint, which included mono-material packaging that eases the recycling process

Insight Gained from Interview Session

• Gained deeper insight into the factors that contribute to a company’s decision-making process surrounding the use of alternative packaging materials
• Decided to focus on the cost-efficiency of our PHB material by increasing production through the modification of pH levels
• Facilitated greater amounts of PHB for the same amount of material, addressing concerns of cost efficiency by increasing output without compromising the cost

Public Survey: Is Our Project Good and Responsible for the World?

Offline Sticker Survey (@Apgujeong, Seoul): Results

Offline Sticker Survey (@Apgujeong, Seoul): Analysis

Introduction

Over the summer, the Korea-HS Team conducted a consumer-based survey at Apgujeong Station in Seoul regarding perceptions of bioplastics. In order to set a clear project goal, our team considered the offline sticker survey as the optimal method to accurately measure people's perceptions. By directly engaging with people, our team extracted valuable responses.

Awareness Aspect

• 57% of them were not familiar with bioplastics
• Among 34 subjects, 25 of them reported that they either "never heard" or "did not know" about bioplastics well
• 65% among 26 stated that they had not received any of them

Thus, these three survey results convey that consumers are not well aware of what bioplastics are.

Concerns on Bioplastics

• 89% of surveyors among 28 considered bioplastics a good alternative to conventional plastics
• 70% of surveyors among 20 indicated that the cost of bioplastics is more burdensome than that of conventional plastics
• Among 34 surveyors, the highest number, 14 of them answered that cost was the biggest concern followed by safety, environmental impact, and other concerns
• 82% answered that they were willing to utilize bioplastics if the costs of both plastics become the same

Based on these survey results regarding cost concerns, our team could hypothesize that cost is also the biggest factor for consumers in using bioplastics.

Online Perception Survey (Google Forms): Questions & Results

Offline Sticker Survey (Google Forms): Summary

Our team conducted an online consumer survey about bioplastics to observe a more diverse array of responses. Since our survey was distributed to consumers of various ages, nationalities, and ethnicities, it can be said that the results obtained are reliable enough to be considered as the baseline of consumer perceptions.

Awareness Aspect

• Noticed that not a great number of people know the importance of bioplastics and climate change
• Realized a great number of people were aware of the potential hazards brought by conventional plastics
• Was reassured that cost was the factor that deterred consumers
• Noticed that quality was indeed another factor that our team should consider when producing sustainable bioplastic

Thus, the results of the online survey helped facilitate our team to consider innovative ways to enhance the quality and cost-efficiency of our bioplastic.

Public Survey (In-Person & Virtual): Conclusion

Taken together with the offline survey, our team concluded that enhancement of quality and cost-efficiency of our bioplastic is crucial to be competent.

Moreover, since there is still a lack of keen perception in the field of bioplastic, our team determined to launch a bioplastic awareness campaign and proposed manual for future guidance in bioplastic manufacturing.

Integrated Human Practices

Responding to Stakeholders’ Feedback

After receiving feedback from the stakeholders we interviewed, we integrated these insights into our project through a multifaceted approach that combines both experimental and non-experimental strategies. The experimental approaches lay a solid foundation for scientific groundwork, ensuring that our project meets industry standards while effectively addressing practical concerns. Meanwhile, the non-experimental approaches underscored our commitment to community engagement and education, tackling key issues identified during our discussions with stakeholders and offering a clear roadmap for future initiatives. By blending these two approaches, we are fostering integrated human practices that empower stakeholders to make informed and sustainable choices on plastic usage, ultimately creating a collaborative environment for positive change in combating the climate crisis.

Awareness Policy Framework

We, the Korea-HS team have developed a framework focused on advancing the adoption of bioplastics: the Bioplastics Awareness Policy Framework. This comprehensive framework outlines our strategic approach to educating diverse stakeholders about the current landscape of bioplastics and its potential for implementation. It addresses current gaps in understanding by providing clear information on the role of bioplastics as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics.

The key components of the framework are as follows:

Addressing Environmental Challenges

• Highlights the significant issues associated with traditional plastics, such as pollution, resource depletion, and high carbon emissions
• Advocates for bioplastics as a sustainable solution derived from renewable resources

Promoting Integrated Human Practices

• Encourages informed decision-making and responsible practices across various sectors

Educational Outreach

• Provides guidance in clarifying common misconceptions about bioplastics and showcases their benefits
• Aims to raise awareness about the importance of sustainable alternatives

Policy Promotion Strategies

• Discusses mechanisms to integrate bioplastics into policy frameworks, including financial incentives and enhanced governmental support
• Aims to create a favorable environment for bioplastic adoption

Resource Materials

• Includes regulatory guidance and real-world success stories to help individuals and businesses in transitioning to bioplastics

Significance of the Framework

• Initiates tangible change in the battle against plastic pollution by positioning bioplastics as viable alternatives
• Lays the framework for broader shifts in sustainable practices, combining education and policy to foster a more sustainable future

Social Media Campaign

Overview

Our international, student-led social media campaign on bioplastics aims to educate and inspire communities worldwide to reduce their usage of traditional plastics by transitioning to bioplastics. This campaign, supported by a diverse group of students from various countries, seeks to raise awareness about the environmental impact of conventional plastics and provide feasible solutions to promote sustainability. By reaching out to different communities, we strive to create a global initiative, adopting environmentally friendly materials that can reduce our plastic footprint on a larger scale.

Purpose of the Campaign

The roots of our campaign lie in promoting Integrated Human Practices, meaning educating individuals and giving them the tools to make knowledgeable decisions about their daily plastic usage. We want to emphasize that even small changes in daily habits can have a major impact on the environment. Moreover, our campaign features several key components to educate and engage the community on bioplastics. Our compilation of posters and Instagram posts touch on topics such as common misconceptions about bioplastics, the difference in environmental impact between bioplastics and traditional plastics, and success stories of bioplastic implementation. Overall, through our dynamic content creation, our goal is to familiarize bioplastics, making them more accessible and understandable to everyone.

Impact

The impact of our campaign is multifaceted; raising awareness and driving action amongst others. By reaching an international audience, we aim to promote knowledge and practices that can lead to real changes in plastic consumption. Our content not only educates others but also challenges them to rethink personal choices and consider the long-term effects of plastic waste on our planet. Through our combined, international efforts, we hope to contribute to a reduction in plastic use and an increase in the adoption of bioplastics.

Reflection

Reflecting on our Social Media Campaign, this experience has shown us the power of collaboration and the importance of utilizing social media platforms to aid the achieving of our goals. As students, we’ve learned that our personal efforts in our own communities can make a combined difference in making meaningful change.

Addressing Concerns through Conducting Experiments

Other than having low bioplastic awareness, our team noticed issues that could be resolved by modifying experimental conditions.

In short, the two main concerns addressed were

1. Cost Efficiency
2. Quality

A brief overview of our interview sessions, our team mainly focused on:

• Interviewing first-hand consumers who are the merchants at Gwang Jang Market
• Interviewing companies that utilize conventional plastic as their primary method of packaging

1) Cost Efficiency Enhancement by Next Generation Sequencing

To begin with, to enhance cost efficiency, our team utilized the Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) to maintain high pH levels.

Before, our team used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to establish adequate conditions for pH level maintenance. Here, we accumulated the annotations of genomes and identified genes with high pH tolerance for better PHB production. The increase in pH levels using ALE is quintessential in this process.

When CO₂ is captured from the air in this system, it initially reacts with hydroxide ions to form bicarbonate. This reaction is favored at higher pH levels because the concentration of hydroxide ions increases as pH increases.

After the initial reaction and increase of bicarbonate, bicarbonate is the dominant form of dissolved inorganic carbon, which is crucial for the algae and cyanobacteria used in this system.

 

These organisms have mechanisms to convert bicarbonate back into CO₂ within their cells for use in photosynthesis. This intra-cellular conversion is facilitated by carbonic anhydrase enzymes.

Eventually, maintaining a high pH prevents the reverse reaction where bicarbonate releases CO₂ back into the atmosphere, a process that would be undesirable for efficient carbon capture.

The results obtained are as follows:

• Observed that increasing the pH levels significantly affected PHB production in Synechocystis cells, with a notable peak at pH 11.0

2) Quality Improvement by Nile Red Staining and Cytotoxicity test 

The adoption of Nile Staining helps facilitate the process of our project, enhancing efficiency in capturing and quantifying PHB granules within microbial cells. To elaborate, Nile red is a fluorescent dye that selectively binds into PHB and helps the identification of the PHB.

INSERT FIGURE

Figure # (Nile Red Staining Example)

Moreover, our team conducted two sets of cytotoxicity tests of PHB on human skin cells and under modified lab conditions using PrestoBlue Cell Viability Assay by measuring the metabolic activity to show cell health and ANOVA statistical test to assess the significance of the results.

The Nile Staining results are as follows:

• A strong linear correlation was observed between intracellular PHB content and the fluorescence intensity of Nile red-stained PHB granules (Figure 3A), confirming that fluorescence intensity serves as an accurate proxy for quantifying PHB levels in Synechocystis cells

The cytotoxicity results are as follows

• Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test) indicated no significant differences (ns) in cell viability between PHB concentrations, demonstrating that PHB exhibited no cytotoxic effects at concentrations up to 10%.

Proposed Implementation

Who Are Your Proposed End Users?

We want our PHB bioplastic to be used by two main types of consumers: individuals, such as food vendors and regular people, and companies that produce plastic packaging products. The prevalent use of petroleum-based plastics stems from the fact that a lot of the time, it is consumers’ only option. Through the implementation of PHB bioplastic in large companies mass-producing products sold to consumers all over the world, the harmful consumption patterns of individuals and communities can be rectified. In addition to this, we also envision integrating PHB bioplastic into the lives of individuals, such as small-business owners or those who use plastic for personal use.

By improving upon its accessibility and quality, we strive to not only target eco-friendly consumers as our end users but also anyone who uses plastic in their daily lives or manufacturing process.

How Do You Envision Others Using Your Project?

For our PHB Bioplastic to reach large factories and a copious number of households, the serious impacts of petroleum-based plastics on our environment must first be acknowledged by potential consumers. Thus, our campaigns aiming to raise awareness of such issues and educate communities on alternatives can bolster a prevalent use of our bioplastic.

Our ideal vision for our PHB bioplastic is a world in which we have significantly lowered its costs for large-scale production, successfully imitated or improved upon the quality and durability of regular petroleum-based plastic, and allowed for it to be accessible to many. Our project has addressed all of the above, through pH level modification and Nile red staining to increase production efficiency and cytotoxicity testing to ensure safety and durability.

Through our work, we envision bioplastic becoming a more mainstream alternative material to petroleum-based plastics commonly used today, for which our project serves as a spur.  

 

How Would You Implement Your Project in the Real World?

To ensure the successful integration of PHB bioplastic into the real world, we must aim to imitate the qualities of petroleum-based plastics that make them so ubiquitous in our world today. It is crucial to establish to potential consumers of our PHB bioplastic that it has the same qualities of being durable, cost-efficient, and accessible, which we have achieved through our experimental integrated human practices. These, paired with our non-experimental integrated human practices, which focus on education and awareness, can increase incentives for consumers to use PHB bioplastic, leading to widespread use.

Summary

In summary, our project aims to provide an additional bioplastic option for the world. This has been executed through our focus on the two-fold benefit our PHB production has on the environment: lower atmospheric carbon dioxide and provision of biodegradable plastic alternatives. Our project on mitigating two of the most pressing environmental issues today through a single product has proven its efficacy and novelty.

We expect pH level modification and Nile red staining that increase production efficiency and cytotoxicity testing that ensure safety and durability increase desirability and accessibility of the PHB bioplastic material.

We plan to implement this in the real world by emphasizing the pressing issue of climate change and plastic pollution through our policy framework and social media campaigns.

Our ultimate vision is a world where PHB bioplastic has become a mainstream competitor of petroleum-based plastic in individuals’ personal use and companies’ large-scale production processes.

Reflection

What Was Your Goal?

Our main goal for the project was to enhance the usage of bioplastics by managing problems such as cost-efficiency, durability, and biodegradability. This study was done on developing an innovative bioplastic production using Synechocystis sp., a cyanobacterium known for its ability to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) into biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). We hypothesized that the bioplastic products would be improved in terms of cost efficiency, durability, and biodegradability by keeping optimal pH, temperature, and rich nutrients. Traditional plastic production brings out significant concerns such as CO₂ emissions and environmental pollution. With this objective in focus, we aim to create a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastics, reducing both CO₂ levels and plastic waste.

The objective allowed us to break down our project into the focused points when addressing the issue. This included identifying the optimized applied bioplastic, mass production of bioplastic eventually to an affordable point, and the environmentally friendly method for instance of capturing CO₂.

Firstly, we aimed the production of bioplastics by using Synechocystis sp. to reduce reliance on traditional plastics that are based on petroleum. We focused on enhancing the growth and productivity of Synechocystis under various conditions, focusing on optimizing CO₂ capture and PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) synthesis while identifying the photosynthetic capabilities of Synechocystis. Secondly, we concentrated on improving the efficiency and production of bioplastics. By experimenting with the pH levels, temperature, and nutrient availability, we were able to maximize PHB yield and develop a more effective bioplastic production process. Lastly, we aimed to make bioplastic production more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Not only that, but the project relates to other environmental objectives, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing plastic pollution. Our project represents a step towards a more sustainable future in material production associated with any kind.

What Approach Did You Use?

The approach was mainly to focus on and test out the most productive way of the production of Synechocystis cells that are used to create bioplastic, handling the problems that were preventing the usage of bioplastic throughout society. We were soon able to identify that not only does this decrease the cost, but it also increases mass production. The experimental design could be analyzed into three major steps.

Firstly, the cultivation of Synechocystis sp. in a modified BG11 medium that is designed for high CO₂, low phosphorus, and low nitrogen conditions that enhance the production of a biodegradable bioplastic, PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate). We focused on the changes as we adjusted its environment, such as the pH temperature, and nutrient levels.

Secondly, we identified the optimized culture conditions through the tested factors to maintain the ideal environment in which Synechocystis could grow for rapid production. Finally, the third step is to harvest the Synechocystis cells.

Through interviews with different stakeholders relating to the usage of bioplastic, we were able to indicate how to utilize our project for Human Practices. As mentioned before, this included the CO₂ capture efficiency and the cost of the product. We developed a method to produce high PH levels so that it will reduce CO₂ while enhancing overall efficiency. We also focused on emphasizing the environmental benefits of bioplastics compared to traditional conventional plastics.

What Did You Achieve?

The experimental results of the adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) approach (pH level modification) successfully developed strains capable of thriving in alkaline environments while efficiently converting atmospheric CO₂ into valuable bioplastics, PHB. Specifically, these results illustrate that while Synechocystis sp. is highly adaptable and capable of sustaining growth in a wide pH range, there are limits to this adaptability. Along with ALE, the Nile Red Staining proved to be effective: R2 value of 0.9091 of the linear trendline indicates a strong, positive correlation between intracellular PHB content and the fluorescence intensity of Nile red-stained PHB granules. This statistics confirms that fluorescence intensity serves as an accurate proxy for quantifying PHB levels in Synechocystis cells. Furthermore, with the cytotoxicity test revealing that PHB is not harmful at all.

By having a framework policy and implementing Instagram campaigns over time, our team was able to establish awareness in diverse communities. With implementing feedback from companies, activists, and consumers, we were able to shape our project into one that reflects our community and the people beyond the bioplastic production industry.

What Went Well & What Could Be Improved?

Our results aligned well with our hypothesis of modifying pH levels to increase the Synechocystis and PHB production. Carrying out various stakeholder interviews, our team successfully demonstrated a well-weaved project.

On the other hand, our team could find areas where we could have introduced our project to a wider audience, handing out pamphlets to many other people in a populated city, etc. Moreover, our team could have conducted more collaborative meetings with other teams to enlarge the IGEM network in sustainable bioplastic production.

How Could Other iGEM Teams Build Upon Your Contributions?

We believe that the other iGEM teams could build upon our contributions by addressing the consumer issues of the usage of bioplastics. Overall, our project mainly focused on allowing biodegradable bioplastic items to be introduced to the world by addressing issues. Continuing the context, the other iGEM team may consider resolving issues faced by everyday consumers. As such, the topic may be used in future iGEM teams to potentially contribute to the innovation of society.

References

Team Yale (2013)

This team used traditional chemical methods to meet their goal, which was to melt polylactic acid, a type of bioplastics, then mold and shape it into a word “Yale”. They aimed to develop a more efficient method for biosynthesis, focusing on lowering both the economic and environmental costs of synthesizing PLA. We had a similar objective, which was to develop Synechocystis sp bacteria, which can produce PHB materials to create bioplastics. Since we were using similar materials and methods for our solution, our team drew useful references from their team.

As an outreach process, the Yale team organized a summer program called “Sprout!”, where they taught middle and high school students about synthetic biology and their project’s connection to it Inspired by their idea of educating and engaging with different communities, our team uploaded several informative posts on our Instagram page, educating the public on environmental problems we are trying to address and provide an overview of what our project is about. However, the Yale team's class was only focused on younger communities, which could pose a limitation in terms of a wide range of engagement. To supplement this, we used social media so that we could educate a great number of people more efficiently.

Team PuiChing (2021)

PuiChing used food wastes to reproduce them as bioplastics in the forms of PLA (polylactic acid) and PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates), to reduce the production of polluted materials. Since we were both concentrating on the production of bioplastics as a solution to environmental problems, we were inspired by their project in a way that would contribute to our project.

This team was sponsored by Wynn Management, with whom they communicated and collaborated thoroughly over the project. However, they lacked communication with more diverse stakeholders, lacking the use of methods such as surveys and interviews. To prevent this issue, our team organized several in-person trips to interview various groups of people, including market owners and people in cosmetics, to get interviews. We also conducted online interviews with those in bioplastic industries to gain deeper insight into various plastic alternatives and their potential connections to our project. Through this process, we gained a thorough understanding of the potential impacts of our project on various communities.

Team ICL (2013)

ICL shares a common goal with our Korea_HS team: producing bioplastic through synthetic biology. While we directly cultivate Synechocystis sp. bacteria to produce PHB, team ICL utilizes a system that converts non-recyclable materials into bioplastic. Because of this commonality, our team drew inspiration from their prospective visions on the application of bioplastics to understand how our PHB material can be applied on a bigger scale. This led to our interview with Axton Salim, the executive director of Salim Group, Indonesia’s biggest conglomerate. Through our interview, we were able to gain deeper insight into the limitations and potential benefits of the large-scale application of our PHB bioplastic material.

However, the 2013 ICL did not comprehensively consider stakeholders while presenting their project. The team lacked a thorough assessment of how their project could impact various stakeholders. Observing this flaw, our Korea_HS team researched and interviewed other companies that have similar ideas of plastic alternatives and analyzed their process of generating novel solutions. ICL focused primarily on the scientific and technical parts of their project, engaging with mentors and peers, rather than also consulting with end-users like food vendors using plastic packaging, direct consumers, and more. In contrast, our team interviewed Jeong Seong-il, CEO of Earthform, a biodegradable styrofoam company. Jeong specifically emphasized that it is essential that producers evaluate various factors and invest in advanced technology when adopting new materials like bioplastics. Without the imperative engagement with these stakeholders, the project might not have fully addressed practical needs or real-world applications of the project.

Team UCL (2022)

UCL developed Bacillus subtilis, a bacterium mainly found in soil, to replace traditional cement and reduce the amount of carbon it produces. Even though our project employs different bacteria to generate a different product, we share the common goal of using synthetic biology to reduce carbon dioxide. As a result, it was worth drawing inspiration from their project as a reference to improve our product and human practices. First of all, they conducted a global survey of over 200 consumers in different countries who shop at hardware stores to get broad opinions on the use of genetic engineering in construction. Inspired by them, we broadened the scope of the online survey from Korea to all over the world. They also included a diverse range of stakeholders, from consumers and schoolchildren to industry experts. Adopting this practice, we tried to incorporate diverse perspectives and evoke greater accountability for the issue. They also signed partnerships with different IGEM teams and companies, exchanging feedback on each other’s ideas. Similarly, we contacted more than 10 school clubs and organizations and signed business proposals related to sustainability. This way, we exchanged feedback, extended our project’s influence, and negotiated to make a more sustainable environment.

GeorgiaState-SWJTU (2023)

Team Georgia State focused on producing PHB bioplastic to reduce plastic pollution and greenhouse gasses. Our teams share the same goal: generating bioplastic to mitigate climate change plastic pollution. First, they educated undergraduates and users of WeChat about the environmental issue of high atmospheric carbon dioxide and plastic pollution. We also educated people about the issue, but instead of educating them in physical space, we used Instagram as a medium, attaining a wider and broader range of audience. Adopting their strategy of clearly outlining the issue, we not only mentioned the problem but also stated and explained our approach to solving that problem. They mainly emphasized the existing policies and implementation status of bioplastics and their associated problems However, they missed one thing: devising solutions based on the problems in policy they address. To complement that part, we proposed an Awareness Policy Framework to educate and address stakeholders about the gravity of plastic pollution. We observed a lack of stakeholders, as they only included four; a lack of stakeholders can lead to biased opinions and understanding of the current implementation of bioplastic.

Team ASIJ- Tokyo 2023

Our team, at first, had difficulty with who to interview and how to address the issue of the influence of plastic on the environment. Meanwhile, examining and analyzing the human practices of Team ASIJ Tokyo helped us find the solution. Although different methods are used, Team ASIJ Tokyo and our team share the same goal: implementing bioplastic as an alternative to conventional plastic. For that reason, we found similarities between our approach to integrated human practices. First, we both tried to identify problems with conventional plastic and the current status of the implementation of bioplastic through interviews. We both reached out to companies utilizing bioplastic and highlighted the benefits of utilizing bioplastic on our environment. We additionally asked for the opinion of owners of small businesses and food vendors to investigate how deeply conventional plastic has settled as a standard among them. On the flip side, we also found some aspects in which they lacked. They didn’t investigate the wide range of plastic consumers, which might lead to inaccurate or biased opinions towards plastic. To complement their flaws, we surveyed more than 200 plastic consumers, both offline and online, to identify current trends in plastic. Furthermore, we observed room for improvement in notifying people about the seriousness of the impact of conventional plastic on the environment. Subsequently, our team addressed the issue by conducting a campaign on Instagram.